Veikko J. Pyhtilä, 9.3.2020. Updated 21.4.2020
Develop immune-boosting and tasty recipes with healthy foods, spices, and herbs. Give it a try and test it. They can become a good sales article and a new business. Take Coronavirus Covid-19 as an opportunity not a threat. I can analyze, model, plan and optimize my nutrition with a program I have developed during 10 years as my hobby: NUTRITION OPTIMIZATION, DESIGN AND RESEARCH
Overview of resistance and immunity
Infectious diseases are affected by the number of microbes in the infection, their multiplication in the target and the individual’s resistance. There are 100 million viruses at the tip of the needle. We cannot completely avoid microbes, some of which are useful as protective agents, some of which cause disease only when they can reproduce in the body when resistance is poor. If you are easily and frequently infected with infectious diseases, your resistance is not the best.
Resistance is influenced by health, stress, nutrition and physical activity. Exercise improves general fitness and fitness is also generally good for resistance.
Exercising lightly or moderately strenuous exercise will increase resistance and protect against upper respiratory tract infections. On the positive side, a regular exercising athlete who does not strive for specific fitness peaks seems to be the best resistance to the flu. In the hours and days after a hard, high-energy exercise, your body is more susceptible to infections. Under intense exertion, the production of stress hormones increases, which can negatively affect the amount and activity of white blood cells and antibodies that are important for immune defense. Flu often strikes as a result of severe work or exam rupture. When a stressful life situation eases and allows you to be tired, resistance is like opening a window to infections. It is especially important for resistance to ensure recovery by sleeping and resting properly and eating healthily. If exercise is done during the cold season, the risk of flu will increase by leap. During the fall and winter, viruses are most circulating and after much effort they are more susceptible. Cold in itself does not cause the flu – but the virus – but cold causes the viruses to multiply better. Hard exercise and too little energy is a challenging combination for resistance.
Eat half a kilogram a day of vegetables, fruits and berries, a variety of cereals and dairy products, meat, fish and good quality fats. The best boosters in the diet are vegetables, fruits and berries, which contain antioxidants to protect the body from the adverse effects of the environment. Antioxidants include, for example, vitamin C and E, selenium and carotenoids, or precursors to vitamin A. The more colorful a portion of vegetables you enjoy, the more vitamins and antioxidants you will get. Good hand and other hygiene help protect against infection. In case of illness, you should try to isolate yourself and coughing should be done in a disposable cloth.
Hand washing with soap is best, a disinfectant hand rinse can destroy the microbes that protect the hands.
Lactic acid bacterial preparations, probiotics, help the stomach to adapt to an abnormal diet and improve resistance also to non-stomach viruses.
The power of micronutrients e.g. against influenza
There are alternatives to toxic antiviral drugs. Many nutrients strengthen and boost the immune system and prevent viruses from multiplying and spreading.
Essential nutrients for optimum cell mediated immunity (leukocytes, macrophages / monocytes , T cells and thymus) are vitamins C, A, D, E, B6, B12, folic acid, iron, zinc, copper and iodine, and antibodies are vitamins A, D, B1, B2, B3, B6, B5, Biotin, Folic Acid, Zinc and Copper. It has been scientifically proven that vitamin C, amino acids (lysine, proline, arginine), N-acetylcysteine and EGCG (extract from green tea) can inhibit the reproduction and spread of viruses in tissues.
Influenza virus can be controlled in several stages of the nutrient metabolism:
- Directly by influencing viral metabolism and thereby limiting their reproductive capacity and cellular infection and indirectly interfering with cell-to-cell transmission of viruses in tissues.
- Natural substances have antiviral properties, such as micronutrients and their interactions, without toxic effects on the host cells.
- Synergies between mixtures of micronutrients are being studied in the control of swine (H1N1) virus infection. It assesses the effect of vitamin C, green tea, certain amino acids, selenium and other nutrients on the ‘ human influenza A’ (H1N1) virus in relation to the viral enzyme neuraminidase required for infectivity and the viral nucleus protein (NP), an indicator of viral proliferation. The biological response to a viral attack is influenced by the secretion of connective tissue-digesting enzymes (metalloproteinases) and the intracellular entry of viruses, which indicate the spread of the viruses.
Spices and herbs with antimicrobial effects
Spices and herbs have been used for thousands of years to add flavor and aroma to foods and to the preservation of foods. Scientific studies have documented the antimicrobial properties and active ingredients of some spices and herbs.
| Antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs | |
| Spice / herb | Inhibiting effect |
| Cinnamon, garlic nails, mustard | Strong |
| Spice pepper, bay leaf, cumin, coriander, cumin, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme or thyme | medium-High |
| Black pepper, allspice, ginger | Weak |
Studies confirm that both Gram- positive and Gram- negative food-borne bacteria, yeasts, molds can be prevented with garlic, onions, cinnamon, thyme, sage and other spices. The effect of these spices and herbs can be seen among others. in pickles, bread, rice and meat products. The levels of fat, protein, water and salt in foods affect microbial resistance. Thus, there must be more spices in food than in microbial growth media to prevent microbial growth.
Microbial contamination of spices
Spores of Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus have been found in spices and herbs. Less in spices with high antimicrobial activity such as sage, garlic and oregano. However, all spices must be purified and sterilized by the producer / packer by ethylene oxide, irradiation or other approved methods.
Essential oils extracted from spices and herbs are generally recognized to contain antimicrobial compounds.
| Antimicrobial compounds for spices and herbs | ||
| Spice / Herb | Mean,% of essential oils | An antimicrobial compound |
| Garlic | 0.3 – 0.5 | allicin |
| Mustard | 0.5 – 1.0 | Allyl isothiocyanate |
| Cinnamon | 0.5 – 2.0 | Cinnamon Aldehyde, Eugenol |
| Clove | 16 – 18 | eugenol |
| Sage | 0.7 – 2.0 | Thymol , Eugenol |
| Oregano | 0.8 – 0.9 | Thymol , Karyakroli |
Antiviral herbs
Coronavirus COVID-19
Coronavirus COVID-19 can not be killed by garlic. It is good that all other infections and diseases that can be treated have been treated as well as possible to better withstand the new modified microbes. People with multiple illnesses are more prone to infection and even death from infections. Updated information about Coronavirus COVID-19 See WHO and other reliable sources.
Viruses may transform, and there are dozens of different versions of them and they can behave differently in different people. If a virus has entered a cell, hot water vapor will not kill it if hot steam will not kill whole the cell. But being in warm increases your body’s resistance, when you are becoming ill. For a long time in the sauna, at least the virus will passivate unless it dies (need research on various viruses). Some microbes have the ability, in cold and even in hot weather, to go to a state where they survive and when conditions become favorable, they are activated. Some microbial strains are also stored frozen, while others are constantly growing.
I experienced norovirus-like symptoms, vomiting, nausea. It is then treated with fasting, citrus fruits, tea, plenty of rest, a little salt water, cod liver oil, which provides vitamin A (important for the mucous membrane), E and D, raw onions, raw ginger. In normal condition, the symptoms go away within 1-2 days. After that, walking in the clean, fresh air in nature and healthy food. This happened to me by chance, but I don’t know if it was norovirus, this covid-19 or some other microbe, that was in the food. I am now healthy.
Vaccines, drugs, and treatments are being developed for Covid-19 disease. There have already been experiments and more are coming in the near future, but it will take months to make them available to the public. In many countries, various options are being researched and developed, even nationally, and in addition to international cooperation. Vaccines applied to the nasal mucosa are being studied. Will there be oral vaccines in addition to those given by injection.The viruses themselves are not safe to use consciously, even in small amounts, to achieve immunity. Vaccines use attenuated viruses or parts of viruses. Antibodies produced by viruses from individuals who have already recovered are being studied as therapies for diseases caused by viruses. The information is completed and verified over time.
Other considerations
Medical, nutritional, research, etc. data are hard to tell the absolute truth, they often add or diminish the probability of something and the results depend on a myriad of factors that may not always have been taken into account. Even decades of research are needed to determine the long-term effects. In many cases, we cannot say that effects are due to a single factor, because effects are the sum of the combined effects of many factors. Not all doctors and scientists are fully unanimous, and they really cannot, because it depends on cases and situations that are not known absolutely.
When eating foods containing much normal table sugar, it reduce resistence. There are also essential sugars in fruits and berries, which may work as cell recognition molecules.
Good quality and adequate sleep is very important for resistance. During sleep, important components of the immune system are formed.
Toxins, harmful substances, smoking, alcohol consumption, drugs reduce also resistance. There are methods and diets, which can enhance the elimination of harmful substances from the body. Methods which have been proven by multiple repeated scientific studies and experience can be selected. There are also many over-praised methods which someone are marketing.
Immune system overactivity can be life threatening and allergic reactions can be harmful.
Medicinal herbs and foods, which have substances boosting immunity
Next is list of medicianl herbs, spices, also as foods (with bold) boosting immunity, which I picked from the database, which I have composed for my own use. Here’s the material for researchers, drugs, supplements and nutrition developers. More plants are available from other sources. The list contains only plants, which Finnish names could be found.
WARNING! The normal foods and spices can be used by the average consumer, but poisonous plants can only be used by pharmaceutical companies. Do not try anything unless you know the plant and its side effects eg with other medicines.
| IN ENGLISH | IN LATIN | IN FINNISH |
| Medicinal herbs and foods, which have substances boosting immunity | Scientific name | Lääkekasveja ja ruokia, joissa vastustuskykä vahvistavia aineita |
| ABSCESS ROOT | Polemonium reptans | Niittysinilatva, Humile |
| ACACIA, BABUL | Acacia nilotica | Hartsiakaasia, Arabica |
| ADAMS NEEDLES, SPANISH BAYONET | Yucca filamentosa | Hapsijukka |
| AFRICAN CAPER | Capparis tomentosa | Afrikkalainen kapris |
| AFRICAN QUININE, QUININE TREE | Rauvolfia caffra | Afrikkalainen kiniinipuu |
| AFRICAN SPURGE | Euphorbia resinifera | Hartsityräkki |
| AGRIMONY | Agrimonia eupatoria | Maarianverijuuri |
| AIR PLANT, TREE OF LIFE | Bryophyllum pinnatum | Sulkaitulehti |
| AJOWAN, BISHOPS WEED | Trachyspermum ammi | Intiankumina |
| AKEE APPLES, SESO VEGETAL, ACKEE | Blighia sapida | Akee |
| ALBIZZIA, SIRIS | Albizia lebbeck | Valkoalbitsia |
| ALEXANDRIAN SENNA | Senna alexandrina | Senna |
| ALFALFA | Medicago sativa | Sinimailanen, Rehumailanen, Alfalfa, Luserni |
| ALGA ? | Spirulina maxima | Spirulina |
| ALISMA | Alisma plantago-aquatica | Ratamosarpio |
| ALKANET, ALKANNA, DYERS ALKANET | Alkanna tinctoria | Värialkanna |
| ALLSPICE | Pimenta dioica | Maustepippuri |
| ALMOND | Prunus dulcis | Tarhamanteli |
| ALMOND OIL | Prunus dulcis | Tarhamanteli öljy |
| ALOE | Aloe vera | Aaloe, Lääkeaaloe |
| ALOES | Aloe vera 2 | Aaloet |
| ALPINE CRANBERRY | Vaccinium vitis-idaea | Puolukka |
| ALPINE RAGWORT | Senecio nemorensis | Lehtovillakko |
| ALPINE ROSE | Rhododendron ferrugineum | Ruostealppiruusu |
| AMERICAN BEECH | Fagus grandifolia | Amerikanpyökki |
| AMERICAN BITTERSWEET | Celastrus scandens | Amerikankelasköynnös |
| AMERICAN GINSENG, GINSENG | Panax quinquefolius | Amerikanginseng(juuri) |
| AMERICAN HELLEBORE | Veratrum viride | Viherpärskäjuuri |
| AMERICAN LIVERLEAF | Anemone acutiloba | Suipposinivuokko |
| AMERICAN SOLOMONS-SEAL | Polygonatum biflorum | Lännenkalliokielo |
| AMERICAN WHITE SPRUCE | Picea glauca | Valkokuusi |
| AMMONIAC | Dorema ammoniacum | Persiankyynelputki |
| AMUR CORKTREE | Phellodendron amurense | Amurinkorkkipuu |
| ANGELICA, WILD PARSNIP | Angelica archangelica | Väinönputki |
| ANGOSTURA | Angostura trifoliata | Rohtogalipea |
| ANISE | Pimpinella anisum | Anisruoho |
| ANNUAL MERCURY | Mercurialis annua | Rikkasinijuuri |
| ANSERINA, SILVERWEED | Potentilla anserina | Ketohanhikki |
| APPLE | Malus domestica | Omenapuu, Tarhaomenapuu Omena |
| APRICOT | Prunus armeniaca | Aprikoosi |
| ARAROBA | Andira araroba | Seeprapuu |
| ARNICA | Arnica montana | Etelänarnikki |
| ARRACH | Chenopodium vulvaria | Haisusavikka |
| ARROW-POISON | Strophanthus sarmentosus | Nuolimyrkky |
| ARROWROOT | Maranta arundinacea | Nuolijuuri |
| ARTICHOKE | Cynara cardunculus | Latva-artisokka, Artisokka |
| ASAFETIDA, DEVILS DUNG | Ferula assa-foetida | Pirunkeltaputki |
| ASHWAGANDHA | Withania somnifera | Rohtokoisio |
| ASPARAGUS | Asparagus officinalis | Parsa |
| AUTUMN CROCUS, COLCHICUM, MEADOW-SAFFRON | Colchicum autumnale | Syysmyrkkylilja |
| AVENS, BENNETS ROOT | Geum urbanum | Kyläkellukka |
| AVOCADO | Persea americana | Avokado, Hedelmäavokado |
| AZTEC MARIGOLD | Tagetes erecta | Iso samettikukka |
| BABYS BREATH | Gypsophila paniculata | Morsiusharso |
| BAEL, BENGAL QUINCE | Aegle marmelos | Belahedelmä |
| BAICAL SKULLCAP | Scutellaria baicalensis | Baikalinvuohennokka |
| BALLOON FLOWER | Platycodon grandiflorus | Jalokello |
| BALMONY, TURTLEHEAD | Chelone glabra | Valkokonnanyrtti |
| BALSAM FIR | Abies balsamea | Palsamipihta |
| BALSAM OF PERU | Myroxylon balsamum | Rohtobalsami 1 |
| BALSAM OF TOLU | Myroxylon balsamum | Rohtobalsami 2 |
| BANANA, PLANTAIN | Musa x paradisiaca | Banaani, Ruokabanaani |
| BANEBERRY | Actaea spicata | Mustakonnanmarja |
| BARBERRY | Berberis vulgaris | Ruostehappomarja |
| BARLEY | Hordeum vulgare | Ohra |
| BASIL, SWEET BASIL | Ocimum basilicum | Basilika, Maustebasilika |
| BAYLEAF, LAUREL | Laurus nobilis | Laakeripuu, Laakerinlehti |
| BAYRUM TREE | Pimenta racemosa | Bayöljypuu |
| BEARBERRY | Arctostaphylos uva-ursi | Sianpuolukka |
| BEE BALM | Monarda didyma | Punaväriminttu |
| BEET | Beta vulgaris | Punajuuri, Ruokajuurikas |
| BENZOIN | Styrax benzoin | Hartsistoraksi |
| BETEL PALM | Areca catechu | Betelpalmu |
| BETEL PEPPER | Piper betle | Betelpippuri |
| BETHROOT | Trillium erectum | Punakolmilehti |
| BILBERRY | Vaccinium myrtillus | Mustikka |
| BIRCH | Betula spp. | Koivut |
| BIRTHWORT | Aristolochia clematitis | Herttapiippuruoho |
| BISHOPS WEED | Ammi visnaga | Sirosudenporkkana |
| BISTORT | Polygonum bistorta | Isokonnantatar |
| BITTER CANDYTUFT | Iberis amara | Katkerosaippo |
| BITTER MELON, BALSAM PEAR | Momordica charantia | Karvaskurkku |
| BITTERSWEET | Solanum dulcamara | Punakoiso |
| BITTERWOOD | Quassia amara | Surinaminkvassia |
| BLACK ALDER | Alnus glutinosa | Tervaleppä |
| BLACK ASH | Fraxinus nigra | Mustasaarni |
| BLACK BEAN, GREEN BEAN | Phaseolus vulgaris | Salkopapu, Leikkopapu, Pensaspapu, Vahapapu |
| BLACK BRYONY | Tamus communis | Euroopankiiltoköynnös |
| BLACK COHOSH | Actaea racemosa | Tähkäimikki |
| BLACK CUMIN | Nigella sativa | Ryytineito |
| BLACK CURRANT FRUIT | Ribes nigrum | Mustaherukka 1, Mustaviinimarja |
| BLACK CURRANT LEAF | Ribes nigrum | Mustaherukka 2, Mustaviinimarja |
| BLACK CURRANT SEED OIL | Ribes nigrum 2 | Mustaherukka 3, Mustaviinimarja |
| BLACK HAW | Viburnum prunifolium | Kirsikkaheisi |
| BLACK HOREHOUND | Ballota nigra | Valkoporro |
| BLACK LOCUST | Robinia pseudoacacia | Valkovaleakaasia |
| BLACK MULBERRY | Morus nigra | Mustamulperi, Mulperinmarja |
| BLACK MUSTARD | Brassica nigra | Mustasinappi |
| BLACK NIGHTSHADE | Solanum nigrum | Mustakoiso |
| BLACK PEPPER | Piper nigrum | Pippuri, Mustapippuri |
| BLACK WALNUT | Juglans nigra | Mustajalopähkinä |
| BLACKBERRY | Rubus fructicosus | Karhunvatukka, Poimuvatukka |
| BLACKBERRY LILY | Belamcanda chinensis | Leopardinkukka |
| BLACKROOT | Veronicastrum virginicum | Virginiantädyke |
| BLADDER DOCK | Rumex vesicarius | Korusuolaheinä |
| BLADDERWORT | Utricularia vulgaris | Isovesiherne |
| BLESSED THISTLE | Cnicus benedictus | Karvaskaunokki |
| BLETILLA, HARDY ORCHID | Bletilla striata | Mikadonkämmen |
| BLOODROOT | Sanguinaria canadensis | Lumikki |
| BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER | Lobelia siphilitica | Tähkälobelia |
| BLUE COHOSH | Caulophyllum thalictroides | Amerikansinisiemen |
| BLUE FLAG | Iris versicolor | Kirjokurjenmiekka |
| BOG BILBERRY, BOG BLUEBERRY | Vaccinium uliginosum | Juolukka |
| BOGBEAN | Menyanthes trifoliata | Raate |
| BOLDO | Peumus boldus | Boldopuu |
| BORAGE | Borago officinalis | Purasruoho, Kurkkuyrtti, Rohtopurasruoho |
| BORRACHERO, FLORIPONDIO | Brugmansia x candida | Enkelinpasuuna |
| BOSWELLIA | Boswellia serrata | Olibaani, Salaiolibaani, Frankinsense |
| BOTTLE GOURD, CALABASH | Lagenaria siceraria | Pullokurpitsa, Kalebassi |
| BOWMANS ROOT | Gillenia trifoliata | Perhoangervo |
| BOXWOOD | Buxus sempervirens | Isopuksipuu |
| BRAHMI | Bacopa monnieri | Pikkubakopa, Brahmi |
| BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE | Schinus terebinthifolius | Brasilianroseepippuri |
| BRAZILNUT | Bertholletia excelsa | Parapähkinäpuu |
| BREWERS YEAST | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Panimohiiva |
| BRITISH ELECAMPANE | Inula britannica | Vanukehirvenjuuri |
| BROCCOLI | Brassica oleracea | Parsakaali |
| BROMELAIN | Ananas comosus | Ananas 2 |
| BROOKLIME | Veronica beccabunga | Ojatädyke |
| BROOM CORN | Sorghum bicolor | Kirjodurra |
| BROWN KELP | Macrocystis pyrifera | Päärynäkelppi |
| BRUSSELS SPROUTS | Brassica oleracea | Ruusukaali |
| BUCHU | Agathosma betulina | Bukko |
| BUCKWHEAT | Fagopyrum esculentum | Tattari, Viljatatar |
| BUGLE | Ajuga reptans | Rönsyakankaali |
| BUGLEWEED | Lycopus europaeus | Rantayrtti, Luhtarantayrtti |
| BULBOUS BUTTERCUP | Ranunculus bulbosus | Mäkileinikki |
| BUNCHBERRY | Cornus canadensis | Kanadanruohokanukka |
| BURDOCK | Arctium lappa | Isotakiainen |
| BURNING BUSH, DITTANY, GASPLANT | Dictamnus albus | Mooseksenpalavapensas |
| BURR MARIGOLD, WATER AGRIMONY | Bidens tripartita | Tummarusokki |
| BUTCHERS BROOM | Ruscus aculeatus | Pikkuruskus, Rautamyrtti |
| BUTTERBUR | Petasites hybridus | Etelänruttojuuri |
| BUTTERNUT | Juglans cinerea | Amerikanjalopähkinä |
| CABBAGE | Brassica oleracea | Keräkaali |
| CACAO | Theobroma cacao | Kaakaopuu, Kaakao |
| CAJEPUT | Melaleuca leucadendra | Valkokaarnamyrtti |
| CALAMINT | Calamintha nepeta | Kivikkokäenminttu |
| CALAMUS | Acorus calamus | Kalmojuuri, Rohtokalmojuuri |
| CALENDULA, MARIGOLD, POT-MARIGOLD | Calendula officinalis | Kehäkukka, Tarhakehäkukka |
| CALIFORNIA BAY | Umbellularia californica | Kalifornianlaakeripuu |
| CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE | Schinus molle | Perunroseepippuri |
| CALIFORNIA POPPY | Eschscholzia californica | Kaliforniantuliunikko, Tuliunikko |
| CAMPHOR | Cinnamomum camphora | Kamferipuu |
| CANADA YEW | Taxus canadensis | Kanadanmarjakuusi |
| CANADIAN GOLDENROD | Solidago canadensis | Kultapiisku, Kanadanpiisku, Tarhapiisku |
| CANCER HERB | Acalypha arvensis | Ketotädyke, Kenttätädyke |
| CANDLENUT | Aleurites moluccana | Hopeatungpuu |
| CANOLA, OILSEED RAPE | Brassica napus | Rapsi |
| CAPE ALOE | Aloe ferox | Piikkiaaloe |
| CAPE GOOSEBERRY | Physalis peruviana | Ananaskirsikka, Karviaiskoiso |
| CAPER | Capparis spinosa | Kapris, Pyörökapris |
| CAPSICUM | Capsicum frutescens | Paprika, Pensaspaprika, Turkinpippuri, Tabaskopippuri |
| CARAMBOLA | Averrhoa carambola | Karambola |
| CARAWAY | Carum carvi | Kumina |
| CARDAMOM | Elettaria cardamomum | Kardemumma |
| CARLINE THISTLE | Carlina acaulis | Hopeakurho |
| CARNATION | Dianthus caryophyllus | Tarhaneilikka, Leikkoneilikka |
| CAROB | Ceratonia siliqua | Johanneksenleipäpuu |
| CARROT | Daucus carota | Porkkana, Villiporkkana |
| CASCARA SAGRADA | Frangula purshiana | Sagrada, Rohtopaatsama, Purshin paatsama |
| CASCARILLA | Croton eluteria | Karibiankrotoni |
| CASHEW | Anacardium occidentale | Munuaispuu |
| CASSIA | Cinnamomum aromaticum | Kassiakaneli |
| CASSIE | Acacia farnesiana | Tuoksuakaasia |
| CASTOR | Ricinus communis | Risiini |
| CATECHU, BLACK CUTCH | Acacia catechu | Rohtoakaasia, Katekun |
| CATGUT | Tephrosia virginiana | Katkutti |
| CATNIP | Nepeta cataria | Aitokissanminttu |
| CATS CLAW | Uncaria tomentosa | Kynsiliaani, Kissankynsi |
| CAULIFLOWER | Brassica oleracea | Kukkakaali |
| CEDAR OF LEBANON | Cedrus libani | Libanoninsetri |
| CELANDINE | Chelidonium majus | Keltamo |
| CELERY | Apium graveolens | Selleri, Ruotiselleri, Ruokaselleri |
| CELERY-LEAVED BUTTERCUP | Ranunculus sceleratus | Konnanleinikki |
| CENTAURY, EUROPEAN CENTAURY | Centaurium erythraea | Rohtosappi |
| CHAFF-FLOWER | Achyranthes aspera | Tähkähäntä |
| CHAGA | Inonotus obliquus | Pakurikääpä, Chaga |
| CHAMOMILE | Matricaria recutita | Kamomillasaunio |
| CHAMPAC | Michelia champaca | Tuoksusampaka |
| CHAPARRAL, CREOSOTE BUSH | Larrea tridentata | Kreosoottipensas |
| CHASTEBERRY | Vitex agnus-castus | Siveydenpuu, Munkinpippuri |
| CHAULMOOGRA | Hydnocarpus spp. | Leprapuut |
| CHAYOTE | Sechium edule | Kajottikurpitsa |
| CHERRY-LAUREL | Prunus laurocerasus | Laakerikirsikka |
| CHICKPEA, GRAM | Cicer arietinum | Kikkahviherne |
| CHICKWEED | Stellaria media | Pihatähtimö, Vesiheinä, Sianmaltsa |
| CHICORY | Cichorium intybus | Sikuri |
| CHINA ROSE | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Kiinanruusu |
| CHINABERRY | Melia azedarach | Meelia |
| CHINESE CLUB MOSS | Huperzia serrata | Kiinanketunlieko |
| CHINESE CUCUMBER | Trichosanthes kirilowii | Kiinalainen kurkku |
| CHINESE MOTHERWORT | Leonurus japonicus | Japaninnukula |
| CHINESE OLIVE | Canarium vulgare | Kiinalainen oliivi |
| CHINESE PEONY | Paeonia lactiflora | Kiinanpioni, Jalopioni |
| CHINESE PINK | Dianthus chinensis | Kiinanneilikka |
| CHIVES | Allium schoenoprasum | Ruoholaukka, Ruohosipuli |
| CHOCOLATE-VINE | Akebia quinata | Akebia |
| CHOKECHERRY, BITTER BERRY | Prunus virginiana | Virginiantuomi |
| CHRISTMAS ROSE, BLACK HELLEBORE | Helleborus niger | Vaaleajouluruusu |
| CHRYSANTHEMUM, MUM | Chrysanthemum x morifolium | Krysanteemi |
| CILANTRO | Eryngium foetidum | Korianteri 2 |
| CINNAMON | Cinnamomum verum | Kaneli |
| CINNAMON-VINE, CHINESE YAM | Dioscorea batatas | Kiinanjamssi |
| CLARY | Salvia sclarea | Myskisalvia |
| NULL | ||
| CLEAVERS | Galium aparine | Matara, Kierumatara |
| CLEMATIS | Clematis recta | Pensaskärhö |
| CLIMBING POTATO | Bowiea volubilis | Mukelo |
| CLOVES | Syzygium aromaticum | Mausteneilikka, Neilikka |
| CLUBMOSS | Lycopodium clavatum | Katinlieko |
| CLUSTERLEAF | Terminalia sericea | Hopeaketapani |
| COCA | Erythroxylum coca | Kokapensas |
| COCKSCOMB | Celosia argentea | Kukonharja |
| COCONUT | Cocos nucifera | Kookospalmu |
| CODONOPSIS | Codonopsis spp. | Peikonkellot |
| COFFEE | Coffea arabica | Kahvi, Arabiankahvi |
| COFFEE SENNA | Senna occidentalis | Kahvisenna |
| COLA | Cola spp. | Koolapuut |
| COLEUS | Plectranthus barbatus | Etiopianliisukka |
| COLOCYNTH, BITTER APPLE, WILD GOURD | Citrullus colocynthis | Kolokvintti |
| COLOMBO | Jateorhiza palmata | Kalumba |
| COLTSFOOT | Tussilago farfara | Leskenlehti |
| COLUMBINE | Aquilegia vulgaris | Lehtoakileija |
| COMFREY | Symphytum spp. | Ruotsinraunioyrtti |
| COMMON BUCKTHORN | Rhamnus cathartica | Orapaatsama |
| COMMON DAFFODIL | Narcissus pseudonarcissus | Keltanarsissi |
| COMMON GROMWELL | Lithospermum officinale | Rohtorusojuuri |
| COMMON REED | Phragmites australis | Järviruoko |
| CONDOR PLANT, EAGLE VINE | Marsdenia cundurango | Kondurango |
| CORAL BEAN | Erythrina fusca | Loimukorallipuu |
| CORIANDER | Coriandrum sativum | Korianteri 1 |
| CORKWOOD TREE, PITURI | Duboisia myoporoides | Korkkipituri |
| CORN COCKLE | Agrostemma githago | Aurankukka |
| CORN POPPY | Papaver rhoeas | Silkkiunikko |
| CORN SILK | Zea mays | Maissi, Koristemaissi |
| CORNFLOWER, BACHELORS BUTTON | Centaurea cyanus | Ruiskaunokki, Ruiskukka |
| COSTUS, KUTH | Saussurea costus | Intianlääte |
| COUCHGRASS, QUACKGRASS | Elytrigia repens | Juolavehnä |
| COW PARSNIP | Heracleum sphondylium | Etelänukonputki |
| COWSLIP | Primula veris | Kevätesikko |
| CRAMPBARK | Viburnum opulus | Koiranheisi |
| CRANBERRY | Vaccinium macrocarpum | Karpalo, Isokarpalo, Pikkukarpalo |
| CRANESBILL | Geranium maculatum | Täpläkurjenpolvi |
| CREAT | Andrographis paniculata | Rohtokirata |
| CUBEB | Piper cubeba | Jaavanpippuri |
| CUCKOOPINT, ARUM | Arum maculatum | Täplämunkinhuppu |
| CUDWEED | Gnaphalium uliginosum | Savijäkkärä |
| CULEBRA | Brugmansia aurea | Profeetanpasuuna |
| CUMIN | Cuminum cyminum | Roomankumina, Juustokumina, Jeera |
| CUP-PLANT | Silphium perfoliatum | Leveäkompassikukka |
| CURRYLEAF | Murraya koenigii | Intianjasmikki |
| CYCLAMEN | Cyclamen europaeum | Alppisyklaami |
| CYPRESS (MEDITERRANEAN) | Cupressus sempervirens | Välimerensypressi, Aitosypressi |
| CYPRESS SPURGE | Euphorbia cyparissias | Tarhatyräkki |
| DAFFODIL | Narcissus tazetta | Tasetti, Sarjanarsissi |
| DANDELION | Taraxacum officinale | Voikukka |
| DARNEL | Lolium temulentum | Myrkkyraiheinä |
| DATE PALM | Phoenix dactylifera | Välimerentaateli |
| DAYLILY | Hemerocallis fulva | Rusopäivänlilja |
| DEODAR CEDAR | Cedrus deodara | Himalajansetri |
| DEVILS CLAW | Harpagophytum procumbens | Harpagojuuri, Pirunkoura |
| DIGITALIS | Digitalis purpurea | Sormustinkukka, Rohtosormustinkukka |
| DILL | Anethum graveolens | Tilli |
| DIVINING SAGE | Salvia divinorum | Mazatecinsalvia |
| DODDER, CLOVER DODDER | Cuscuta epithymum | Nurmivieras |
| DOKUDAMI, CHAMALEON PLANT | Houttuynia cordata | Kameleonttilehti |
| DONG QUAI | Angelica sinensis | Kiinanväinönputki, Kiinankarhunputki |
| DOUGLAS FIR | Pseudotsuga menziesii | Lännendouglaskuusi |
| DRAGONS BLOOD PALM | Daemonorops draco | Rohtotraakkipuu |
| DROSERA, ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW | Drosera rotundifolia | Kihokit, Pyöreälehtikihokki, Pitkälehtikihokki |
| DU ZHONG, GUTTA-PERCHA TREE | Eucommia ulmoides | Rohtoparkkipuu |
| DUCKWEED | Lemna minor | Pikkulimaska |
| DUMBCANE | Dieffenbachia seguine | Täpläkirjovehka |
| DUSTY-MILLER | Senecio cineraria | Hopeavillakko |
| DUTCHMANS BREECHES, TURKEY CORN | Dicentra cucullaria | Keijunpikkusydän |
| DWARF BIRCH | Betula pumila | Amerikanpensaskoivu |
| DWARF ELDER | Sambucus ebulus | Ruohoselja |
| DWARF MALLOW | Malva pusilla | Kylämalva |
| DYERS BROOM | Genista tinctoria | Pensasväriherne |
| DYERS WOAD | Isatis tinctoria | Värimorsinko |
| DYSENTERY BARK | Simarouba glauca | Lääkekvassia |
| EASTERN LARCH | Larix laricina | Kanadanlehtikuusi |
| ECHINACEA, PURPLE CONEFLOWER | Echinacea spp. | Punahattu, Auringonhattu, Kaita-, kauno- ja rohtopäivänhattu |
| EGGPLANT | Solanum melongena | Munakoiso, Munahedelmä, Aubergiini |
| EL NENE | Solenostemon scutellarioides | Isokirjopeippi |
| ELDERBERRY | Sambucus canadensis | Kanadanselja |
| ELECAMPANE | Inula helenium | Isohirvenjuuri |
| ELM BARK, EUROPEAN FIELD ELM | Ulmus minor | Lehtojalava |
| EMBLIC MYROBALAN | Phyllanthus emblica | Amblapuu |
| ENDIVE | Cichorium endivia | Endiivi |
| ENGLISH ADDERS TONGUE | Ophioglossum vulgatum | Isokäärmeenkieli |
| ENGLISH DAISY, WILD DAISY | Bellis perennis | Kaunokainen |
| ENGLISH HOLLY | Ilex aquifolium | Orjanlaakeri, Euroopanorjanlaakeri |
| ENGLISH WALNUT | Juglans regia | Saksanpähkinä, Saksanjalopähkinä |
| EPHEDRA, MA HUANG | Ephedra spp. | Efedrat |
| ERGOT | Claviceps purpurea | Torajyvät |
| ERYNGO | Eryngium campestre | Kenttäpiikkiputki |
| EUCALYPTUS | Eucalyptus globulus | Kuumepuu, Eukalyptus |
| EUROPEAN ASH | Fraxinus excelsior | Saarni, Lehtosaarni |
| EUROPEAN CORN MINT | Mentha arvensis | Rantaminttu, Peltominttu |
| EUROPEAN ELDER | Sambucus nigra | Mustaselja |
| EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER, CINQUEFOIL | Potentilla reptans | Suikerohanhikki |
| EUROPEAN LARCH | Larix decidua | Euroopanlehtikuusi |
| EUROPEAN PENNYROYAL | Mentha pulegium | Puolanminttu |
| EUROPEAN PEONY | Paeonia officinalis | Vuoripioni |
| EUROPEAN WATER HEMLOCK | Cicuta virosa | Myrkkykeiso |
| EUROPEAN YEW | Taxus baccata | Euroopanmarjakuusi |
| EVENING PRIMROSE | Oenothera biennis | Helokki, Iltahelokki, Jättihelokki |
| EYEBRIGHT | Euphrasia spp. | Silmäruohot |
| FABA BEAN | Vicia faba | Härkäpapu |
| FAIRY FLAX, MOUNTAIN FLAX | Linum catharticum | Ahopellava |
| FALSE UNICORN ROOT, DEVILS BIT | Chamaelirium luteum | Haltianlilja |
| FENNEL | Foeniculum vulgare | Salaattifenkoli, Fenkoli, Saksankumina |
| FENUGREEK | Trigonella foenum-graecum | Sarviapila, Rohtoapila, Pukinsarviapila |
| FEVERFEW | Tanacetum parthenium | Reunuspäivänkakkara, Reunuspietaryrtti |
| FIELD SCABIOUS | Knautia arvensis | Ketoruusuruoho |
| FIG | Ficus carica | Viikuna, Aitoviikuna |
| FIGWORT | Scrophularia nodosa | Syyläjuuri, Tummasyyläjuuri |
| FIREWEED | Epilobium angustifolium | Maitohorsma, Horsma |
| FISH BERRY, LEVANT NUT | Anamirta cocculus | Intiananamirta |
| FLANNELWEED, COUNTRY MALLOW | Sida cordifolia | Herttasiida |
| FLAX | Linum usitatissimum | Pellava, Kuitupellava, Peltopellava, Öljypellava |
| FO-TI | Polygonum multiflorum | Kiinantatar |
| FOAM-FLOWER, COOLWORT | Tiarella cordifolia | Rönsytiarella |
| FOOLS PARSLEY | Aethusa cynapium | Hukanputki |
| FORGET-ME-NOT | Myosotis arvensis | Peltolemmikki |
| FORSYTHIA, GOLDEN BELLS | Forsythia suspensa | Riippaonnenpensas |
| FOUR OCLOCK | Mirabilis jalapa | Mökinihmekukka |
| FRAGRANT SUMAC | Rhus aromatica | Tuoksusumakki |
| FRANGULA, ALDER BUCKTHORN, GLOSSY BUCKTHORN | Frangula alnus | Korpipaatsama |
| FRANKINCENSE, OLIBANUM | Boswellia sacra | Temppeliolibaani |
| FRASERS FIR, SHE BALSAM | Abies fraseri | Virginianpihta |
| FRINGETREE | Chionanthus virginicus | Virginianpartapuu |
| FUCUS, BLADDERWRACK | Fucus vesiculosus | Rakkolevä |
| FUMITORY | Fumaria officinalis | Peltoemäkki |
| GALANGA | Kaempferia galanga | Guineangalangali |
| GALBANUM | Ferula gummosa | Pihkakeltaputki |
| GARDEN CRESS | Lepidium sativum | Vihanneskrassi, Tavallinen krassi |
| GARDENIA, CAPE JASMINE | Gardenia jasminoides | Kiinangardenia |
| GARLIC | Allium sativum | Valkosipuli, Kynsilaukka |
| GENTIAN | Gentiana lutea | Keltakatkero |
| GERMAN IPECAC, WHITE SWALLOWWORT | Vincetoxicum hirundinaria | Kalliokäärmeenpistonyrtti |
| GERMAN SARSRILLA | Carex arenaria | Hietikkosara |
| GINGER | Zingiber officinale | Inkivääri |
| GINGER BUSH | Tetradenia riparia | Myskiyrtti |
| GINKGO, MAIDENHAIR TREE | Ginkgo biloba | Neidonhiuspuu, Ginkgo |
| GINSENG, ORIENTAL GINSENG | Panax ginseng | Aito ginseng, Ginseng Kiina g. , korean g |
| GLORY-LILY | Gloriosa superba | Keijunlilja |
| GLOSSY PRIVET | Ligustrum lucidum | Kiiltolikusteri |
| NULL | ||
| GOATS RUE | Galega officinalis | Rohtovuohenherne |
| GOLDEN CHAIN TREE, PEA TREE | Laburnum anagyroides | Etelänkultasade |
| GOLDEN DEWDROP | Duranta erecta | Kultakastepensas |
| GOLDEN SHOWER, PURGING CASSIA | Cassia fistula | Kultasadekassia |
| GOLDENROD | Solidago virgaurea | Kultapiisku |
| GOLDENSEAL | Hydrastis canadensis | Hurmejuuri, Hydrastisjuuri |
| GOUTWEED | Aegopodium podagraria | Vuohenputki |
| GRAINS-OF-PARADISE | Aframomum melegueta | Meleguettapippuri |
| GRANADILLA | Passiflora quadrangularis | Jättipassio |
| GRAPE | Vitis vinifera | Viiniköynnös, Aitoviiniköynnös |
| GRAPE SEED | Vitis vinifera | Viiniköynnöksen siemen |
| GRAPEFRUIT | Citrus x paradisi | Greippi |
| GRAVEL ROOT | Eupatorium purpureum | Purppurapunalatva |
| GREATER GALANGAL | Alpinia galanga | Isogalangajuuri |
| GREATER PERIWINKLE | Vinca major | Isotalvio |
| GREEK OREGANO | Salvia fruticosa | Pensassalvia |
| GREEN ALDER | Alnus viridis | Pensasleppä |
| GREEN HELLEBORE | Helleborus viridis | Viherjouluruusu |
| GREEN or BLACK TEA | Camellia sinensis | Teepensas, Vihreä tee, Musta tee |
| GROUND IVY | Glechoma hederacea | Maahumala |
| GROUND PINE, YELLOW BUGLE | Ajuga chamaepitys | Rohtoakankaali |
| GROUNDSEL | Senecio vulgaris | Peltovillakko |
| GUAIACUM | Guaiacum officinale | Rohtoguajakkipuu |
| GUM ARABIC | Acacia senegal | Kumiakaasia |
| GUMWEED | Grindelia squarrosa | Keltarilpiö |
| GYMNEMA | Gymnema sylvestre | Oinaansarviliaani |
| HARTSTONGUE | Asplenium scolopendrium | Hirvenkieli |
| HAWTHORN | Crataegus spp. | Orapihlaja |
| HEART OF JESUS | Caladium bicolor | Jeesuksen sydän |
| HEATHER | Calluna vulgaris | Kanerva |
| HEAVENLY BAMBOO | Nandina domestica | Nandina |
| HEDGE BINDWEED, GREATER BINDWEED | Calystegia sepium | Karhunköynnös |
| HEDGE HYSSOP | Gratiola officinalis | Rohtokuntio |
| HEDGE MUSTARD | Sisymbrium officinale | Rohtopernaruoho |
| HELIOTROPE | Heliotropium europaeum | Rikkaheliotrooppi |
| HEMLOCK | Tsuga canadensis | Kanadanhemlokki |
| HEMP AGRIMONY | Eupatorium cannabinum | Rantapunalatva |
| HEMP NETTLE | Galeopsis sp. | Pillikkeet |
| HENBANE | Hyoscyamus niger | Hullukaali, Kylähullukaali |
| HENNA | Lawsonia inermis | Hennapensas |
| HERB PARIS | Paris quadrifolia | Sudenmarja |
| HERB ROBERT | Geranium robertianum | Haisukurjenpolvi |
| HERCULES CLUB | Aralia spinosa | Lännenaralia |
| HIMALAYAN FIR | Abies | Pihdat |
| HIMALAYAN FIR | Abies spectabilis | Intianpihta |
| HOLLYHOCK | Alcea rosea | Salkoruusu, Tarhasalkoruusu |
| HOLY BASIL | Ocimum tenuiflorum | Pyhäbasilika |
| HOMALOMENA | Homalomena spp. | Soikkovehkat |
| HONEY LOCUST | Gleditsia triacanthos | Kolmioka |
| HONEYSUCKLE | Lonicera caprifolium | Tuoksuköynnöskuusama |
| HOPS | Humulus lupulus | Humala |
| HORNY GOAT WEED, BARRENWORT, YINYANGHUO | Epimedium spp. | Varjohiipat |
| HORSE CHESTNUT | Aesculus hippocastanum | Balkanin hevoskastanja, Hevoskastanja |
| HORSEMINT | Monarda punctata | Pikkuväriminttu |
| HORSERADISH | Armoracia rusticana | Piparjuuri |
| HORSETAIL | Equisetum arvense | Peltokorte |
| HORSEWEED, FLEABANE, CANADIAN FLEABANE | Conyza canadensis | Kanadankoiransilmä |
| HOTTENTOT FIG | Carpobrotus edulis | Viikunapäivikki |
| HOUNDS TONGUE | Cynoglossum officinale | Koirankieli, Rohtokoirankieli |
| HOUSELEEK | Sempervivum tectorum | Kattomehitähti |
| HU-ZHANG, MEXICAN BAMBOO | Fallopia japonica | Japanintatar |
| HUANG QI | Astragalus membranaceus | Rohtokurjenherne |
| HYDRANGEA | Hydrangea arborescens | Pallohortensia |
| HYSSOP | Hyssopus officinalis | Iisoppi |
| IBOGA | Tabernanthe iboga | Ibogapensas |
| ICELAND MOSS | Cetraria islandica | Islanninjäkälä, Isohirvenjäkälä |
| IGNATIUS BEAN | Strychnos ignatii | Malesianstrykniinipähkinä |
| INDIAN ACALYPHA | Acalypha indica | Kissanhäntä |
| INDIAN ALMOND | Terminalia catappa | Manteliketapani |
| INDIAN ELECAMPANE | Inula racemosa | Terttuhirvenjuuri |
| INDIAN MADDER | Rubia cordifolia | Rohtokrappi |
| INDIAN STRAWBERRY | Duchesnea indica | Intianhanhikki |
| INDIAN tai HIMALAYAN RHUBARB | Rheum australe | Intian tai Himalajan raparperi |
| INDIGO | Indigofera tinctoria | Indigokasvi |
| IVY | Hedera helix | Varjomuratti |
| JACK PINE | Pinus banksiana | Banksinmänty |
| JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE | Lonicera japonica | Japaninköynnöskuusama |
| JASMINE, COMMON JASMINE | Jasminum officinale | Rohtojasmiini |
| JATAMANSI, INDIAN NARD | Nardostachys grandiflora | Intiannardusjuuri |
| JAVA PLUM | Syzygium cumini | Jaavanjambolaani |
| JAVA TEA | Orthosiphon aristatus | Jaavan tee |
| JEQUIRITY | Abrus precatorius | Paternosterpapu |
| JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE | Helianthus tuberosus | Maa-artisokka, Mukula-artisokka |
| JEWELWEED | Impatiens capensis | Lännenpalsami |
| JIAOGULAN | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Rypälekurkku |
| JIMSONWEED | Datura stramonium | Okahulluruoho |
| JOJOBA | Simmondsia chinensis | Vuohenpuksio |
| JUJUBE, COMMON JUJUBE, CHINESE DATE | Ziziphus jujuba | Kiinanjujuba |
| JUNIPER | Juniperus communis | Kataja |
| JUREMA | Mimosa hostilis | Rusomimosa |
| JUTE | Corchorus olitorius | Juuttia |
| KALE | Brassica oleracea | Lehtikaali |
| KAPOK | Ceiba pentandra | Amazoninkapokkipuu |
| KAVA | Piper methysticum | Kavapippuri |
| KELP | Nereocystis luetkeana | Jättikelppi |
| KHAKI BUSH, WILD MARIGOLD | Tagetes minuta | Haisusamettikukka |
| KHAT | Catha edulis | Katpensas |
| KIDNEY VETCH | Anthyllis vulneraria | Masmalo |
| KIWI | Actinidia deliciosa | Kiiviköynnös |
| KOLA | Cola acuminata | Koolapuu |
| KONJAC | Amorphophallus konjac | Mukulapökkövehka |
| KOREAN MINT | Agastache rugosa | Koreaniiso |
| KOUSSO | Hagenia abyssinica | Kosso |
| KRATUM | Mitragyna speciosa | Siaminkratomi |
| KUDZU | Pueraria montana | Kudzupapu |
| KWASHI | Pancratium spp. | Merinarsissit |
| LABRADOR TEA | Ledum groenlandicum | Lännenpursu |
| LADY FERN | Athyrium filix-femina | Soreahiirenporras |
| LADYS BEDSTRAW | Galium verum | Keltamatara |
| LADYS MANTLE | Alchemilla vulgaris | Poimulehti, Kasteheinä, Teeheinä |
| LADYS SLIPPER | Cypripedium spp. | Tikankontit |
| LAMBKILL | Kalmia angustifolia | Kapealehtikalmia |
| LANGSAT, DUKU | Lansium domesticum | Langsat |
| LARKSPUR, FORKING LARKSPUR | Consolida regalis | Rikkakukonkannus |
| LAVENDER | Lavandula spp. | Laventeli, Tähkälaventeli |
| LAVENDER-COTTON | Santolina chamaecyparissus | Hopeayrtti, Nyhähopeayrtti |
| LEMON | Citrus limon | Sitruuna |
| LEMON BUSH | Lippia javanica | Sitruunapensas |
| LEMON VERBENA | Aloysia citrodora | Sitruunaverbena |
| LEMONBALM | Melissa officinalis | Sitruunamelissa |
| LEMONGRASS | Cymbopogon citratus | Intiansitrusheinä |
| LESSER GALANGAL | Alpinia officinarum | Pikkugalangajuuri |
| LESSER PERIWINKLE | Vinca minor | Pikkutalvio |
| LEVANT COTTON | Gossypium herbaceum | Intianpuuvilla |
| LEVANT WORMSEED | Artemisia cina | Matomaruna |
| LICORICE | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Lakritsikasvi |
| LIFE-ROOT, SQUAW WEED | Senecio aureus | Rohtovillakko |
| LILY OF THE VALLEY | Convallaria majalis | Kielo |
| LIMA BEAN | Phaseolus lunatus | Limanpapu, Limapapu |
| LIME | Citrus aurantiifolia | Limetti |
| LINDEN | Tilia spp. | Lehmus, Metsälehmus |
| LOBELIA | Lobelia inflata | Rohtolobelia |
| LONG PEPPER | Piper longum | Pitkäpippuri |
| LONGLEAF PINE | Pinus palustris | Pitkäneulasmänty |
| LOOSESTRIFE | Lysimachia vulgaris | Ranta-alpi |
| LOTUS | Nelumbo nucifera | Intianlootus |
| LOVAGE | Levisticum officinale | Lipstikka, Liperi |
| LUCKY NUT, YELLOW OLEANDER | Thevetia peruviana | Keltaoleanteri |
| LUNGWORT | Pulmonaria officinalis | Rohtoimikkä |
| MACA, PERUVIAN GINSENG | Lepidium meyenii | Andienkrassi |
| MADDER, DYERS MADDER | Rubia tinctorum | Värikrappi |
| MAGNOLIA VINE | Schisandra chinensis | Sitruunaköynnös, Palsamiköynnös |
| MAIDENHAIR FERN | Adiantum capillus-veneris | Neidonadiantumi |
| MALABAR NUT | Justicia adhatoda | Valkopantterinkita |
| MALABAR TAMARIND | Garcinia cambogia | Rohtomangostani |
| MALE FERN | Dryopteris filix-mas | Kivikkoalvejuuri |
| MALLOW, HIGH MALLOW | Malva sylvestris | Kiiltomalva |
| MANCHINEEL | Hippomane mancinella | Tuonenomena |
| MANDRAKE | Mandragora officinarum | Rohtomandrake |
| MANNA | Fraxinus ornus | Mannasaarni |
| MARIJUANA | Cannabis sativa | Hamppu, Marijuana |
| MARITIME PINE | Pinus pinaster | Rannikkomänty |
| MARSH-MARIGOLD | Caltha palustris | Rentukka |
| MARSH BLAZING STAR | Liatris spicata | Punatähkä, Noropunatähkä |
| MARSH TEA | Ledum palustre | Suopursu |
| MARSHMALLOW | Althaea officinalis | Rohtosalkoruusu, Rohtosamettihaapa, Alteanjuuri, Lääkemalva |
| MARTAGON | Lilium martagon | Varjolija |
| MARULA | Sclerocarya birrea | Marulapuu |
| MARUPA, BITTER WOOD | Simarouba amara | Rohtokvassia |
| MASTERWORT | Peucedanum ostruthium | Rohtosuoputki |
| MASTIC | Pistacia lentiscus | Mastiksipistaasi |
| MATÉ | Ilex paraguariensis | Matee |
| MATICO | Piper aduncum | Kaitapippuri |
| MATRIMONY VINE | Lycium barbarum | Pukinpensas, Aitapukinpensas |
| MAYAPPLE, AMERICAN MANDRAKE | Podophyllum peltatum | Amerikanjalkalehti |
| MEADOWSWEET | Filipendula ulmaria | Mesiangervo |
| MELON, CANTALOUPE | Cucumis melo | Vesimeloni, Arbuusi, Meloni |
| MESCAL | Agave sisalana | Sisalagaave |
| MESCAL BEAN | Sophora secundiflora | Teksasinpagodipuu |
| MESQUITE | Prosopis juliflora | Mezquitepensas |
| METEL, HINDU DATURA | Datura metel | Tuoksuhulluruoho |
| MEXICAN CALEA, DOGS GRASS, BITTER GRASS | Calea zacatechichi | Meksikonharhio |
| MEZEREON | Daphne mezereum | Näsiä, Lehtonäsiä |
| MILK THISTLE | Silybum marianum | Maarianohdake |
| MILKWEED | Asclepias syriaca | Mesisilkkiyrtti |
| MIMOSA | Albizia julibrissin | Silkkialbitsia |
| MISSOURI SNAKEROOT, WILD QUININE | Parthenium integrifolium | Preeriahelmikki |
| MISTLETOE | Viscum album | Misteli |
| MOLE PLANT | Euphorbia lathyris | Ristityräkki |
| MONEYWORT | Lysimachia nummularia | Suikeroalpi |
| MONKSHOOD | Aconitum napellus | Aitoukonhattu |
| MOONSEED | Menispermum canadense | Kanadankilpikierto |
| MORNING GLORY | Ipomoea hederacea | Liuskaelämänlanka |
| MOTHER OF THYME | Thymus serpyllum | Kangasajuruoho |
| MOTHERWORT | Leonurus cardiaca | Rohtonukula |
| MOUNTAIN-AVENS | Dryas octopetala | Lapinvuokko, Tunturilapinvuokko |
| MOUNTAIN ASH | Sorbus americana | Amerikanpihlaja |
| MOUNTAIN LAUREL | Kalmia latifolia | Leveälehtikalmia |
| MOUSE EAR HAWKWEED | Hieracium pilosella | Huopakeltano |
| MUGWORT | Artemisia vulgaris | Pujo, Maruna |
| MULLEIN | Verbascum spp. | Tulikukka, Ukontulikukka, Kynttiläheinä |
| MUSK-MALLOW, MUSK OKRA | Abelmoschus moschatus | Myskin okra |
| MUSTARD (GRAS M.) | Brassica juncea | Sareptansinappi |
| MYRRH | Commiphora myrrha | Mirhami |
| MYRTLE | Myrtus communis | Myrtti |
| NASTURTIUM | Tropaeolum majus | Köynnöskranssi, Isoköynnöskrassi |
| NEEM | Azadirachta indica | Neempuu |
| NETTLE | Urtica dioica | Nokkonen, Isonokkonen, Viholainen |
| NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS | Selenicereus grandiflorus | Yönkuningatar |
| NONI, INDIAN MULBERRY | Morinda citrifolia | Noni |
| NORTHERN MAIDENHAIR, POINTER WEED | Adiantum pedatum | Trha-adiantumi |
| NUTMEG | Myristica fragrans | Muskotti |
| NUX VOMICA | Strychnos nux-vomica | Ketunstrykniinipähkinä |
| OAK | Quercus spp. | Tammi, Metsätammi |
| OAKGALL | Quercus infectoria | Rieputammi |
| OATS | Avena sativa | Kaura, Peltokaura |
| OLIVE LEAF | Olea europaea | Oliivipuu 1, Öljypuu |
| OLIVE OIL | Olea europaea | Oliivipuu 2, Öljypuu |
| OLOLIUQUI, MOONFLOWER | Ipomoea violacea | Lumoelämänlanka |
| ONION | Allium cepa | Sipuli, Keltasipuli, Vihersipuli, Hillosipuli |
| OPIUM ANTIDOTE | Combretum micranthum | Oopiumin vastalääke |
| OPIUM POPPY | Papaver somniferum | Unikko, Kesäunikko, Oopiumunikko |
| ORANGE | Citrus sinensis | Appelsiini |
| ORANGE PEEL | Citrus sinensis | Appelsiinin kuori |
| ORDEAL BEAN, CALABAR BEAN | Physostigma venenosum | Kalabarpapu |
| OREGANO | Origanum vulgare | Mäkimeirami, Oregano, Espanjanhumala, Metsämeirami |
| OREGON GRAPE | Mahonia aquifolium | Mahonia |
| ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE | Platycladus orientalis | Idäntuija |
| ORRIS | Iris spp. | Kurjenmiekat |
| OXEYE DAISY | Leucanthemum vulgare | Päivänkakkara, Ahopäivänkakkara |
| PACIFIC YEW | Taxus brevifolia | Lännenmarjakuusi |
| PAGODA TREE | Styphnolobium japonicum | Japaninpagodipuu |
| PAKISTANI EPHEDRA | Ephedra gerardiana | Koruefedra |
| PANSY | Viola tricolor | Keto-orvokki |
| PAPAYA | Carica papaya | Papaija, Melonipuu |
| PAPER MULBERRY | Broussonetia papyrifera | Paperimulperipuu |
| PAREIRA, CURARE | Chondrodendron tomentosum | Pareirajuuri |
| PARSLEY | Petroselinum crispum | Persilja |
| PARSLEY PIERT | Aphanes arvensis | Peltopoimukki |
| PARSNIP | Pastinaca sativa | Palsternakka |
| PASSIONFLOWER | Passiflora incarnata | Rohtopassio, Kärsimyskukka |
| PATCHOULI | Pogostemon cablin | Patsuli |
| PAU DARCO | Tabebuia spp. | Soihtupuut |
| PAWPAW | Asimina triloba | Papavi |
| PEANUT | Arachis hypogaea | Maapähkinä |
| PEAR | Pyrus communis | Päärynä, Tarhapäärynä |
| PEARLY EVERLASTING | Anaphalis margaritacea | Helminukkajäkkärä |
| PEEGEE | Hydrangea paniculata | Japaninhortensia |
| PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL | Parietaria officinalis | Pystymuuriyrtti |
| PEPPERMINT | Mentha x piperita | Piparminttu |
| PETROLEUM PLANT | Euphorbia tirucalli | Mehipuutyräkki |
| PEYOTE | Lophophora williamsii | Meskaliinikaktus, Myrkkykaktus |
| PHEASANTS EYE | Adonis vernalis | Kevätruusuleinikki |
| PICRORHIZA | Picrorhiza kurrooa | Maksajuuri |
| PIGEONPEA | Cajanus cajan | Kyyhkynherne |
| PILEWORT | Ranunculus ficaria | Mukulaleinikki |
| PIMPINELLA | Pimpinella saxifraga | Pukinjuuri, Ahopukinjuuri |
| PINEAPPLE | Ananas comosus | Ananas 1 |
| PINKROOT | Spigelia marilandica | Hurmepuuntojuuri |
| PIPSISSEWA | Chimaphila spp. | Sarjatalvikit |
| PITCHER PLANT | Sarracenia purpurea | Purppuratötterö |
| PLANTAIN | Plantago major | Piharatamo, Ratamo, Haavalehti, Rautalehti, Rakkolehti |
| PLEURISY ROOT | Asclepias tuberosa | Karvasilkkiyrtti |
| PLUM, EUROPEAN PLUM | Prunus domestica | Luumu |
| PLUMBAGO | Plumbago Zeylanica | Vitilyijykukka |
| POINSETTIA | Euphorbia pulcherrima | Joulutähti |
| POISON HEMLOCK | Conium maculatum | Myrkkykatko |
| POISON IVY | Toxicodendron pubescens | Myrkkysumakki, Amerikanmyrkkysumakki |
| POKE ROOT | Phytolacca americana | Lännenkermesmarja |
| POMEGRANATE | Punica granatum | Granaattiomena |
| PONTIAN RHODODENDRON | Rhododendron ponticum | Turkinalppiruusu |
| POPLAR | Populus sp. | Haapa, Haavat, Poppelit |
| POTATO | Solanum tuberosum | Peruna |
| PREMORSE, DEVILS BIT | Succisa pratensis | Purtojuuri |
| PRICKLY ASH | Zanthoxylum spp. | Limopuut |
| PRICKLY PEAR | Opuntia ficus-indica | Viikunaopuntia |
| PRICKLY POPPY | Argemone mexicana | Keltapiikkiunikko |
| PRINCES FEATHER, AMARANTH | Amaranthus hypochondriacus | Meksikonrevonhäntä |
| PRIVET | Ligustrum vulgare | Aitalikusteri |
| PROSTRATE KNOTWEED | Polygonum aviculare | Pihatatar |
| PSYLLIUM, BLONDE ISPAGHULA | Plantago ovata | Psyllium, Rohtoratamo, Jänönratamo, Haararatamo |
| PUFFBALL | Lycoperdon spp. | Kuukunen |
| PULSATILLA, PASQUEFLOWER | Anemone pulsatilla | Ketokylmänkukka |
| PUMPKIN | Cucurbita pepo | Kurpitsa, Koristekurpitsa, Kesäkurpitsa, Talvikurpitsa |
| PUMPKIN SEED | Cucurbita pepo | Kurpitsan siemen |
| PUNCTURE VINE | Tribulus terrestris | Okarennokki, Tribulus |
| PURPLE BEEBALM | Monarda fistulosa | Preeriaväriminttu |
| PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE | Lythrum salicaria | Rantakukka, Pohjanrantakukka |
| PURSLANE | Portulaca oleracea | Vihannesportulakka |
| PUSSY WILLOW | Salix discolor | Tuhkapaju |
| PUSSYTOES, CATS FOOT | Antennaria dioica | Kissankäpälä |
| PYGEUM | Prunus africana | Afrikankirsikka |
| PYRETHRUM | Tanacetum cinerariifolium | Dalmatianpietaryrtti |
| QUASSIA | Picrasma excelsa | Jamaikankvassia |
| QUEEN ANNES LACE | Daucus carota subsp. carota | Rikkaporkkana |
| QUINCE | Cydonia oblonga | Kvitteni |
| RADISH | Raphanus sativus | Retikka, Ruokaretikka |
| RAMSON, BEAR GARLIC | Allium ursinum | Karhunlaukka |
| RASPBERRY | Rubus idaeus | Vadelma, Vattu |
| RAUWOLFIA, SNAKEWOOD | Rauvolfia serpentina | Intiankäärmepuu |
| RED BRYONY | Bryonia dioica | Punakoiranköynnös |
| RED BUSH TEA | Aspalathus sp. | Roibos(pensaat) |
| RED CEDAR | Juniperus virginiana | Kynäkataja |
| RED CLOVER | Trifolium pratense | Puna-apila |
| RED CURRANT | Ribes rubrum | Lännenpunaherukka |
| RED MAPLE | Acer rubrum | Punavaahtera |
| RED MULBERRY | Morus rubra | Punamulperi |
| RED ROOT SAGE | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Kiinansalvia |
| RED SANDALWOOD | Pterocarpus santalinus | Intianveripihkapuu |
| RED VALERIAN | Centranthus ruber | Punavirma |
| REDHEAD | Hamelia patens | Kolibrintulipensas |
| REHMANNIA, CHINESE FOXGLOVE | Rehmannia glutinosa | Pikkusoilio |
| RESTHARROW | Ononis spinosa | Ruusuorakko |
| RHATANY | Krameria lappacea | Punaratania |
| RHUBARB, DA HUANG | Rheum palmatum | Raparperi, Koristeraparperi |
| RIBWORT | Plantago lanceolata | Heinäratamo |
| RICE | Oryza sativa | Riisi |
| ROCKET LARKSPUR | Consolida ajacis | Tarhakukonkannus |
| ROMAN CHAMOMILE | Chamaemelum nobile | Jalosauramo |
| ROSE BAY, ROSE LAUREL | Nerium oleander | Oleanteri |
| ROSE HIPS, DOGROSE | Rosa canina | Koiranruusu |
| ROSE PETALS | Rosa centifolia | Kartanoruusut |
| ROSE ROOT? | Rhodiola rosea | Ruusujuuri, Pohjanruusujuuri |
| ROSELLE | Hibiscus sabdariffa | Teehibiskus |
| ROSEMARY | Rosmarinus officinalis | Rosmariini |
| ROSINWEED | Silphium laciniatum | Liuskakompassikukka |
| ROSY PERIWINKLE | Catharanthus roseus | Katara, Rosea |
| ROUND-LEAFED WINTERGREEN | Pyrola rotundifolia | Isotalvikki |
| ROUND CARDAMOM | Amomum compactum | Jaavankardemumma |
| ROWAN BERRY | Sorbus aucuparia | Pihlaja, Kotipihlaja |
| RUBBER VINE | Cryptostegia grandiflora | Isopurppuraköynnös |
| RUE | Ruta graveolens | Tuoksuruuta |
| RUPTUREWORT | Herniaria glabra | Ketotyräruoho |
| RYE | Secale cereale | Ruis |
| SABADILLA | Schoenocaulon officinale | Meksikonsabadilla |
| SACRED VIROLA | Virola elongata | Nuuskavirola |
| SAFFLOWER | Carthamus tinctorius | Saflori |
| SAFFRON | Crocus sativus | Maustesahrami, Sahrami |
| SAGE | Salvia officinalis | Salvia, Ryytisalvia, Rohtosalvia, Myskisalvia |
| SAGO CYCAS | Cycas revoluta | Japaninkruunukävykki |
| SALAD BURNET, GREAT BURNET | Sanguisorba officinalis | Punaluppio |
| SALEP | Orchis spp. | Pallerokämmekät |
| SAMPHIRE | Crithmum maritimum | Merifenkoli |
| SAN PEDRO | Echinopsis pachanoi | Kynttiläkaktus |
| SAND SPURREY | Spergularia rubra | Punasolmukki |
| SANDALWOOD | Santalum album | Santelipuu |
| SANDARAC | Tetraclinis articulata | Atlassypressi |
| SANDBOX TREE | Hura crepitans | Lauttahurapuu |
| SANDY EVERLASTING | Helichrysum arenarium | Hietaolkikukka |
| SANICLE | Sanicula europaea | Haavayrtti |
| SASSAFRAS | Sassafras albidum | Amerikansassafras |
| SAUSAGE TREE | Kigelia africana | Makkarapuu |
| SAW PALMETTO | Serenoa repens | Sahapalmu |
| SAVIN | Juniperus sabina | Rohtokataja |
| SAVORY | Satureja sp. | Kynteli, Talvikynteli |
| SCARLET ELDER | Sambucus racemosa | Terttuselja |
| SCARLET PIMPERNEL | Anagallis arvensis | Peltopunka |
| SCARLET POPPY | Papaver bracteatum | Kaukasianunikko |
| SCOPOLIA | Scopolia carniolica | Skopolia |
| SCOTCH BROOM | Cytisus scoparius | Jänönvihma |
| SCOTCH PINE | Pinus sylvestris | Mänty, Metsämänty |
| SCOTCH THISTLE | Onopordum acanthium | Okakruunuohdake |
| SCURVY-GRASS, SPOONWORT | Cochlearia officinalis | Rohtokuirimo |
| SEA BUCKTHORN | Hippophae rhamnoides | Tyrni |
| SEA ISLAND COTTON, UPLAND COTTON | Gossypium barbadense | Länsi-intianpuuvilla |
| SELF-HEAL, HEAL ALL | Prunella vulgaris | Niittyhumala, Ahoniittyhumala |
| SENEGA ROOT | Polygala senega | Rohtolinnunruoho, Senega |
| SENSITIVE PLANT | Mimosa pudica | Tuntokasvi, Mimosa |
| SERVICETREE | Sorbus domestica | Välimerenpihlaja |
| SESAME | Sesamum indicum | Seesami |
| SHATAVARI, SHATAMULI | Asparagus racemosus | Terttuparsa |
| SHAVEGRASS, GREAT SCOURING RUSH | Equisetum hyemale | Kangaskorte |
| SHEEP SORREL | Rumex acetosella | Ahosuolaheinä |
| SHEPHERDS PURSE | Capsella bursa-pastoris | Lutukka |
| SHITAKE | Lentinus edodes | Siitake |
| SIAM BENZOIN | Styrax tonkinensis | Tonkininstoraksi |
| SIBERIAN GINSENG | Eleutherococcus senticosus | Venäjänjuuri, Siperian ginseng |
| SIBERIAN TEA | Bergenia crassifolia | Soikkovuorenkilpi |
| SICKLEPOD | Senna tora | Sirppisenna |
| SILVER VINE | Actinidia polygama | Mantsurianlaikkuköynnös |
| SKIRRET | Sium sisarum | Sokerijuuri |
| SKULLCAP | Scutellaria lateriflora | Rohtovuohennokka |
| SKUNK CABBAGE | Symplocarpus foetidus | Suohaisuhuppu |
| SLIPPERY ELM | Ulmus rubra | Punajalava |
| SLOE, BLACKTHORN | Prunus spinosa | Oratuomi |
| SMARTWEED | Polygonum hydropiper | Katkeratatar |
| SMOOTH LOOFAH, LUFFA | Luffa aegyptiaca | Pesusienikurkku |
| SMOOTH SUMAC | Rhus glabra | Silosumakki |
| SNAKE PLANT | Turbina corymbosa | Atsteekkilumokierto |
| SNAKEROOT | Aristolochia serpentaria | Virginianpiippuköynnös |
| SNEEZEWORT | Achillea ptarmica | Ojakärsämö |
| SNOWDROP | Galanthus nivalis | Lumikello, Puistolumikello |
| SOAPTREE | Quillaja saponaria | Suopapuu |
| SOAPWORT | Saponaria officinalis | Rohtosuopayrtti |
| SODOMS MILKWEED | Calotropis procera | Sodomanmadari |
| SOLOMONS-SEAL | Polygonatum multiflorum | Lehtokielo |
| SORREL | Rumex acetosa | Niittysuolaheinä |
| SOUL VINE, AYAHUASCA | Banisteriopsis caapi | Amazoninajahuaskaliaani |
| SOUR CHERRY | Prunus cerasus | Hapankirsikka |
| SOUTHERNWOOD | Artemisia abrotanum | Aaprottimaruna |
| SOYBEAN | Glycine max | Soijapapu |
| SPANISH CHESTNUT | Castanea sativa | Jalokastanja |
| SPANISH NEEDLES | Bidens pilosa | Karvarusokki |
| SPANISH PELLITORY | Anacyclus pyrethrum | Marokonraimikki |
| SPEARMINT | Mentha spicata | Viherminttu |
| SPEEDWELL | Veronica officinalis | Rohtotädyke |
| SPICEBUSH | Lindera benzoin | Ryytilaakeri |
| SPIKENARD | Aralia racemosa | Terttuaralia |
| SPINACH | Spinacia oleracea | Pinaatti |
| SPRING SNOWFLAKE | Leucojum vernum | Kevätlumipisara |
| SQUILL, SEA ONION | Urginea maritima | Merisipuli, Jättimerisipuli |
| SQUIRREL-CORN | Dicentra canadensis | Hopeapikkusydän |
| ST. JOHNS-WORT | Hypericum perforatum | Mäkikuisma |
| STAR ANISE | Illicium verum | Tähtianis, Rusotähtianis |
| STAR GRASS | Hypoxis sp. | Iirikki, Baurii |
| STAR OF BETHLEHEM | Ornithogalum umbellatum | Sarjatähdikki |
| STAVESACRE | Delphinium staphisagria | Karvasritarinkannus |
| STONECROP | Sedum acre | Keltamaksaruoho |
| STORAX | Liquidambar | Ambrapuut |
| STRAWBERRY | Fragaria vesca | Mansikka, Ahomansikka, metsämansikka |
| STRAWBERRY TREE | Arbutus unedo | Lännenmansikkapuu |
| SUMA | Hebanthe eriantha | Brasiliansumayrtti |
| SUMMER CYPRESS | Bassia scoparia | Kesäsuolukka |
| SUMMER SNOWFLAKE | Leucojum aestivum | Kesälumipisara, Suvikello |
| SUNDEW | Drosera ramentacea | Kihokki |
| SUNFLOWER | Helianthus annuus | Auringonkukka, Isoauringonkukka |
| SURINAM-CHERRY | Eugenia uniflora | Surinaminkirsikka |
| SWAMP MILKWEED | Asclepias incarnata | Purppurasilkkiyrtti |
| SWEET-SCENTED MARIGOLD | Tagetes lucida | Tuoksusamettikukka |
| SWEET ANNIE, ANNUAL WORMWOOD | Artemisia annua | Kesämaruna |
| SWEET BIRCH | Betula lenta | Sokerikoivu |
| SWEET CICELY | Myrrhis odorata | Saksankirveli |
| SWEET FERN | Comptonia peregrina | Tuoksumyrtti |
| SWEET GALE | Myrica gale | Suomyrtti |
| SWEET GRASS, VANILLA GRASS | Hierochloe odorata | Tuoksumaarianheinä |
| SWEET MARJORAM | Origanum majorana | Maustemeirami, Meirami |
| SWEET POTATO | Ipomoea batatas | Bataatti |
| SWEET VERNAL GRASS | Anthoxanthum odoratum | Tuoksusimake |
| SWEET VIOLET | Viola odorata | Tuoksuorvokki |
| SYRIAN CHRIST-THORN | Ziziphus spina-christi | Kruunujujuba |
| SYRIAN RUE | Peganum harmala | Pilviharmikki |
| TALL BUTTERCUP | Ranunculus acris | Niittyleinikki |
| TAMARIND | Tamarindus indica | Tamarindipuu |
| TANGERINE | Citrus reticulata | Mandariini, Klementiini, Satsuma |
| TANSY | Tanacetum vulgare | Pietaryrtti, Rohtopietaryrtti |
| TANSY RAGWORT | Senecio jacobaea | Jaakonvillakko |
| TAPIOCA | Manihot esculenta | Maniokki |
| TARRAGON | Artemisia dracunculus | Rakuuna |
| TEATREE | Melaleuca alternifolia | Teepuu, Paperikaarnamyrtti |
| TEAWEED | Sida rhombifolia | Ruutusiida |
| THUJA, WHITE CEDAR | Thuja occidentalis | Kanadantuija |
| THYME | Thymus vulgaris | Timjami, Tarha-ajuruoho |
| TIGER LILY | Lilium lancifolium | Tiikerilija |
| TOBACCO | Nicotiana tabacum | Virginiantupakka |
| TOMATO | Lycopersicon esculentum | Tomaatti |
| TONKA BEAN | Dipteryx odorata | Tuoksutonkapuu |
| TORMENTIL, CINQUEFOIL | Potentilla erecta | Rätvänä |
| TRAGACANTH | Astragalus gummifer | Trakanttikurjenherne |
| TRAVELERS JOY | Clematis vitalba | Saksankärhö |
| TREE-OF-HEAVEN, STINKTREE | Ailanthus altissima | Haisujumaltenpuu, Ailante |
| TREE PEONY | Paeonia suffruticosa | Pensaspioni |
| TULIPTREE | Liriodendron tulipifera | Lännentulppaanipuu |
| TUPA | Lobelia tupa | Liekkilobelia |
| TURMERIC | Curcuma longa | Kurkuma, Maustekurkuma |
| UPLAND COTTON | Gossypium hirsutum | Teksasinpuuvilla |
| USNEA | Usnea spp. | Naava |
| UZARA | Xysmalobium undulatum | Uzarajuuri |
| WAFER ASH | Ptelea trifoliata | Ptelea |
| VALERIAN | Valeriana officinalis | Rohtovirmajuuri, Valeriaana |
| WALL GERMANDER | Teucrium chamaedrys | Tammiteurikka |
| WALLFLOWER | Erysimum cheiri | Kultalakka |
| VANILLA | Vanilla planifolia | Vanilja |
| WASABI, JAPANESE HORSERADISH | Wasabia japonica | Maustekrassi |
| WATER AVENS | Geum rivale | Ojakellukka |
| WATER DOCK | Rumex aquaticus | Vesihierakka |
| WATER DROPWORT | Oenanthe crocata | Viuhkapahaputki |
| WATER FENNEL | Oenanthe aquatica | Liejupahaputki |
| WATER GERMANDER | Teucrium scordium | Rohtoteurikka |
| WATER MINT | Mentha aquatica | Vesiminttu |
| WATERCRESS | Nasturtium officinale | Isovesikrassi |
| WATERLILY | Nymphaea odorata | Lumme |
| WATERMELON | Citrullus lanatus | Vesimeloni |
| VENUS FLYTRAP | Dionaea muscipula | Kärpäsloukku |
| VERVAIN | Verbena officinalis | Rohtoverbena, Rohtorautayrtti |
| VETIVER, KHUS KHUS | Vetiveria zizanioides | Vetiveriaheinä |
| WHEAT | Triticum aestivum | Vehnä, Leipävehnä |
| WHITE BIRCH | Betula papyrifera | Paperikoivu |
| WHITE BRYONY | Bryonia alba | Mustakoiranköynnös |
| WHITE COHOSH, BANEBERRY | Actaea pachypoda | Valkokonnanmarja |
| WHITE DEADNETTLE | Lamium album | Valkopeippi, Pillikkeet, Valkopillikkeet |
| WHITE HELLEBORE | Veratrum album | Valkopärskäjuuri |
| WHITE HOREHOUND | Marrubium vulgare | Hurtanminttu, Valkohurtanminttu |
| WHITE LILY, MADONNA LILY | Lilium candidum | Madonnanlilja |
| WHITE MULBERRY | Morus alba | Valkomulperi |
| WHITE MUSTARD | Sinapis alba | Keltasinappi |
| WHITE PINE | Pinus strobus | Strobusmänty |
| WHITE SPRUCE, FIR | Picea abies | Kuusi, Metsäkuusi |
| WHITE WILLOW | Salix alba | Valkopaju, Valkosalava |
| WILD CHERRY | Prunus serotina | Kiiltotuomi |
| WILD DAGGA | Leonotis leonurus | Tulileijonankorva |
| WILD INDIGO | Baptisia tinctoria | Keltaetelänherne |
| WILD LETTUCE | Lactuca virosa | Rohtosalaatti |
| WILD MINT, BIBLICAL MINT | Mentha longifolia | Harmaaminttu |
| WILD RADISH | Raphanus raphanistrum | Peltoretikka |
| WILD SAGE | Lantana camara | Kirjotulikruunu |
| WILD SERVICETREE | Sorbus torminalis | Etelänpihlaja |
| WILD STRAWBERRY | Fragaria virginiana | Virginianmansikka |
| WILD SUNFLOWER | Grindelia camporum | Pihkarilpiö |
| WILD TEASEL | Dipsacus fullonum | Laidunkarstaohdake |
| WILD TURNIP | Brassica rapa | Nauris |
| WILD YAM | Dioscorea villosa | Villijamssi |
| WINGED BEAN, ASPARAGUS PEA | Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | Goanpapu, Goapapu |
| WINTER CHERRY, CHINESE LANTERN | Physalis alkekengi | Lyhtykoiso, Juutalaiskirsikka, Isolyhtykoiso |
| WINTERGREEN | Gaultheria procumbens | Lamosalali |
| WINTERS-BARK | Drimys winteri | Canelo |
| VIRGINIA-CREEPER, AMERICAN IVY | Parthenocissus quinquefolia | Imukärhivilliviini |
| WITCH HAZEL | Hamamelis virginiana | Amerikantaikapähkinä |
| WOLFBERRY | Lycium chinense | Kiinanpukinpensas |
| WOOD ANEMONE | Anemone nemorosa | Valkovuokko |
| WOOD BETONY | Stachys officinalis | Rohtopähkämö |
| WOOD ROSE | Argyreia nervosa | Ruusunorsukierto |
| WOOD SAGE | Teucrium scorodonia | Lehtoteurikka |
| WOOD SORREL | Oxalis acetosella | Ketunleipä, Käenkaali, Metsäkäenkaali |
| WOODRUFF | Galium odoratum | Tuoksumatara |
| WOOLY DIGITALIS, WOOLY FOXGLOVE | Digitalis lanata | Villasormustinkukka |
| WORMSEED | Chenopodium ambrosioides | Sitruunasavikka |
| WORMWOOD | Artemisia absinthium | Mali, Koiruoho |
| WOUNDWORT | Stachys palustris | Peltopähkämö |
| YARROW, MILFOIL | Achillea millefolium | Siankärsämö, Punakärsämö |
| YELLOW DOCK | Rumex crispus | Poimuhierakka |
| YELLOW LUPINE | Lupinus luteus | Keltalupiini |
| YELLOW SWEET CLOVER | Melilotus officinalis | Rohtomesikkä |
| YELLOW TOADFLAX, BUTTER AND EGGS | Linaria vulgaris | Kannusruoho, Keltakannusruoho |
| YEW | Taxus sp. | Marjakuuset |
| YOHIMBE | Pausinystalia johimbe | Johimbepuu |
| YUCCA | Yucca spp. | Jukat |
Translation, editing and compilation: Veikko Pyhtilä, Lahti, Finland, 2020.
Sources: Liikuntaravitsemus, T. Vasankari and K. Uus-Rasi, VK-Kustannus Oy, 2006. Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, 2012. Several other sources.